Writing academic essays: January 2020

Monday, January 27, 2020

Comparison of Database and File Storage

Comparison of Database and File Storage Author: Noronjon Qalandarov CONTENTS (Jump to) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND METHODOLOGIES 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Technologies and definitions 3.1.1 RDBMS 3.1.2 Native XML DB 3.2 DATABASE PRODUCTS 3.2.1 MySQL database 3.2.2 eXist and Sedna databases 4. DATABASE BENCHMARKING 4.1. Storing XML in file systems 4.2. Document size 4.3. Updates 4.4. Description of soil sampling and sample preparation 4.5. Determination of pendimethalin in methanol extract 5. ANALYSIS 6. DISCUSIONS 7. CONCLUSIONS 8. REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all thanks to my supervisor Ing.Alexandr Vasilenko for advices and assistance during the work on this diploma thesis and all his support during whole practical work. Special thanks to all members and coordinators of Europian Commission Erasmus Mundus program, especially to coordinator of CASIA project Ewa Wietsma and PhDr. Vlastimil Ãƒâ€žÃ…â€™ernÃƒ ½, CSc. for granted me and gave me opportunity to study at Czech University of Life Sciences. I also would like to thanks to Department of Information Technologies, represented by Ing.MiloÃ… ¡ Ulman, Ph.D. for his professional skills, for kindness and support. Thanks to all academic staff of university for their contribution to obtaining high-quality skills and knowledge. SUMMARY Database systems are well-known for consistent storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data. At the same time, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is generally accepted as data description language for both web-based information systems. XML is self-desibing. It can provide flexible information identification, and can be extensively used in many application domains such as chemistry, biology, and e-business, etc. With the development of the web applications and the large amounts of XML documents that are being generated, it is therefore necessary to work out how to manage them efficiently. Databases are the prime storage engines for many different types of data. Traditional DBMS are designed for regular data. However, XML data often includes some irregular data such as pictures, audio and video files etc, which means that the storage of XML data is a challenge to traditional relational database DBMSs. Keywords: XML, RDBMS, database, relational databases, storage, data and file, analysis, solutions, software, web application 1. INTRODUCTION As the use of XML has grown, it is now generally accepted that XML is not only useful for describing new document formats for the Web but is also suitable for describing structured data. Examples of structured data include information that is typically contained in spreadsheets, program configuration files, and network protocols. XML is preferable to previous data formats because XML can easily represent both tabular data (such as relational data from a database or spreadsheets) and semistructured data (such as a Web page or business document) (Obasanjo, 2003). Popular pre-existing formats such as comma separated value (CSV) files either work well for tabular data and handle semi-structured data poorly, or like RTF are too specialized for semi-structured text documents. This has led to the widespread adoption of XML as the lingua franca of information interchange. As more and more organisations and systems employ XML within their information management and exchange strategies, classical data management issues pertaining to XMLÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s efficient and effective storage, retrieval, querying, indexing and manipulation arise. From this environment we have seen the emergence of native XML databases. These are designed for seamless storage, retrieval, and manipulation of XML data and integration with related technologies (Noordij, 2002). However, a number of questions arise regarding Native XML Database (NXD) technology. Does it represent a paradigm shift? More importantly, is the performance of NXD technology sufficient to provide an alternative to standard database technology, or will existence be the status quo? 2. AIMS AND METHODOLOGIES The diploma thesis investigates the advantages and disadvantages of storing data and files in native XML databases and relational databases. Main goal of this diploma thesis is to compare the approaches of a number of varying solutions. Partial goals are: To explain the main differences between the database models; To compare different solutions of storing data in different platforms; To analyze performance of XML and RDBS models (size, speed, access, etc); The several methodology parts are defined to accomplish the thesis. The methodology of the diploma thesis is based on research and analysis of relevant information resources. In the first part collected the necessary information about the database models. The further step was to define requirements of the database systems in order to exactly characterize the system processes. Within this requirements the definitions, the tables and the graphs are also fulfilled due to properly do the practical section of the thesis. Practical process and analysis will draw on results which will be given by the research study. Finally, comparison of analysis of the storing data models and file storage made in a different development platform will be made. Based on the synthesis of the theoretical and the practical knowledge, final conclusions will be formulated. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Technologies and definitions In this chapter we define all terms and technologies needed to understand rest of this paper. We start by basic definitions (e.g. what is an XML document), continue by characteristics of XML documents (e.g. what is a depth of an XML document) and their schemes and finish by benchmark related definitions (e.g. what is an XMLMS). Definitions also contain examples when it is appropriate. Relational data storage unit implemented in the framework of powerful databases such as MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySql, etc. actually able to meet all requirements for the server machines. At these facilities are built and successfully operate the systems from a variety of online stores to systems of automation of bank activity. High performance, reliability, and advanced administration tools allow for functionality and scalability within a large range of tasks. But the relational concept of data presentation within storage demands reduction them to relational structure, that means allocation from stored these same objects and placing them in line by one or a group of tables, that is the fixed and unchangeable structure. As a result, the limit of applicability of such systems lies in the field of tasks over strictly structured data. There are solutions of unification of relational object for storage of poorly structured data. But they, as a rule, lead to sharp losses of productivity an d to increase in labor input of development and support of all system on the basis of such decision as complicate storage structure, lead to partial refusal of control devices of integrity given by the server and to strong complication of inquiries. Applying as a data presentation basis within storage the xml-notation, it is possible to lift limits on rigid structurization of data and to receive the device of storage of diverse data. Such approach is used in servers Tamino, MarkLogic Server, Sedna, Timber, etc. Besides, xml became de facto the data presentation standard in information systems. However, the effective use xml to develop application systems currently constrained in particular multi-user access restrictions, and low-speed transactional mechanisms work with large data files. XML has several advantages over other languages Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹/ formats of the description of data at exchanging data between applications: Platform independence. The XML language allows exchanging data to the systems which are based on different platforms. The XML document can be created and sorted as the text file by means of outdated or built-in programming languages whose composition does not include a special library for working with XML. Support by producers. Libraries for work with XML are created for all leading programming languages and popular DBMS. Use of these libraries allows significantly reduce the amount of code when developing gateways between applications. Self-documenting. The XML document is readable for the person. Besides, existence of the date description in it allows creating automatic processing programs, for example universal modules of loading of the data arriving from different systems into a one repository. Hierarchy. A key feature of the language. In difference, for example, from the CSV format (the text file with a divider ;), XML allows to describe easily difficult structures of the objects given with an unlimited enclosure. Objectivity. The data structure of XML is perfectly combined with object-oriented programming model. Each tag of the XML document can be mapped to a class or class property of the processing program. On the other hand, there is an opportunity to describe in a XML format each applied object of subject domain as a separate tag. Expansibility. In use of XML format, you can add new tags. It wont lead to fatal change of data structure, simply reading and writing programs will need to be added with classes or the functions that recognize these tags. Safe and efficient management of large volumes of data is a challenging task, which is traditionally solved by database management systems. When storing XML data, it is necessary to provide reliability, the transaction nature, recoverability, high availability, security, effective search device and scalability and modification. All these requirements define the necessary tools and functionality of the XML data storage systems and limit the applicability of existing technologies and resouces. RDBMS Relational databases are widely used. They encapsulate the storage and data processing mechanisms, offering effective methods for structured data storage for faster query execution. On the other hand, XML is a data format used for exchange of non-structured data between incompatible systems or applications. Application of relational database is limited, but the obvious advantages of XML representation in the allocated task areas are relevant in todays systems. LetÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s consider the key differences between relational and XML-data. Neither XML nor relational format is definitely the best solution for any problem. There are various data management needs for which relational data model is insufficient and the use of XML allows improving the solution characteristics, reducing the complexity and sometimes recognizing task feasible. In a relational database, data is stored in tables consisting of rows and columns. The data of a certain type is stored in column for all of the table records. Each table record is presented in the row. Order of the rows in the table is not associated with any ordering of data, unlike XML, where internally present document order affects, for example, the data returned by such function XPath, as position (). Only the simplest relational data can be stored in the same table, a typical relational database has many tables with complex logical relationships between them. Data in different tables are linked by keys. For example, in the table Customers can be a field (or column) CustomerID. Identification of orders for a particular user is made easy by the corresponding value in the column CustomerID of the table Orders. The data relationships can be one-to-one (for example, one son can have only one father, one-to-many or one son, two parents, one user has several orders), or many-to-many (one item can be in many orders, and each order can be different goods). Each of these relationships can be represented by storing data in two or more related tables. Native XML DB Generally distinguish databases XML-enabled and native XML database opportunities. The database is called XML-enabled, if it is a model of data storage kernel and data processing is not XML data model. In many cases, its core is relational model that requires a mapping between XML data model and the relational model. All relational database systems can be considered as XML-enabled database, because they support such a mapping for XML data management. The term native XML database is used in different ways by different groups. Native XML database has the following three characteristics: It defines the logical model for XML-document. The data is stored and selected according with this model. The model must include elements, attributes, PCDATA, and document order. XML-document is the basic unit of logical storage. No specific physical model of storage is required. It means that it can be based on relational, hierarchical or an object-oriented database. In particular, this definition allows transformation from the XML data model to another model of data storage and processing. This is what we have defined for XML-enabled databases. Thus, it is required to native XML database also has the following two properties: XML data model (XML Infoset) fundamental logical data model, which is used in the database and is available to database users if data type is an XML. XML data model is the basic unit of a physical storage of XML-data without displaying them in a different data model. This brief definition means that XML is not just extended data type, this is how the data is processed, both logically and physically. The data presented in XML, schema correspond to the physical scheme of storage on disk. This model is best for efficient search of XML-data. DATABASE PRODUCTS MySQL database eXist and Sedna databases DATABASE BENCHMARKING Storing XML in file systems We should not forget that the most of XML-documents are stored in file systems. The idea XML-document means storing on disk, just as you keep any of other documents on your desktop. Many applications do not ever go further this first step, and always keep XML-documents in file system. Storing XML documents in file system simple and natural, not only because the term Ã¢â‚¬Å"XML documentÃ¢â‚¬ means it, but also that the hierarchical organization of file system is very similar to the hierarchical organization of the document. There is a clear parallel between the syntax of the URL or file path and simple XPath expressions, so it looks quite natural appeal to the node Ã¢â‚¬Å"/bat/bazÃ¢â‚¬ in the Ã¢â‚¬Å"/foo/bar.xmlÃ¢â‚¬ . Before moving on to the Ã¢â‚¬Å"realÃ¢â‚¬ XML databases, consider, what are the limitations of XML documents storing in file systems. XML data internally ordered, as in this simple example: Value=123.45 Currency=US Dollars /> Value=4500.12 Currency=US Dollars /> Value=8000.00 Currency=US Dollars /> Document size It makes sense to store XML documents on disk when you need to work with static small sized documents in WWW. File systems can now effectively support gigabyte files; so, knowing a path to any XML document, you can effectively get access to information which was stored in it. Important factor is granularity of information to which access is required. If you always need the complete document, this system works quite well. However, if you need to retrieve only a small part of a large document using DOM or XPath, then you have huge overhead due to having to read all document before you will be able to extract from it part you are interested in. Also, you must do not forget to analyze these documents whenever you access them through the DOM or XPath. Of course, this consideration applies only to this type of work with documents. If all you need is to work with documents without their modification or transformation on WWW, it is better to prepare them to work in XML. Updates Another important question arising during the storage of XML documents on disk are updates. If you manually run a small set of well-formed XML documents on the desktop or the web server, the updates do not cause difficulties. But once you need to enable the updates by many users, or even worse, if you develop a transactional application, you need to take some additional steps to perform updates. One of ways of solution this problem is the storage of documents in the repository WebDAV, which resolves issues of blocking and the parallel addressing instead of you. If you are interested in this approach, you can try to use a version control system such as Subversion (http://subversion.tigris.org/). Subversion can work as a WebDAV repository and provides all the features of version control system, including the fixing of any modifications history of your documents. For many applications it is very important opportunity, and this opportunity is one of those which directly are not supported by the databases considered in this thesis. Description of soil sampling and sample preparation Determination of pendimethalin in methanol extract ANALYSIS 6. DISCUSIONS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES Carlos Coronel,Steven A. Morris,Peter Rob. Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management. Cengage Learning, 2011. 692p. ISBN 9780538469685 AKMAL B EDITOR CHAUDHRI,AWAIS EDITOR RASHID,Roberto Zicari. Xml Data Management: Native Xml and Xml-Enabled Database Systems. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003. 641p. ISBN 9780201844528 EMC Education Services. Information Storage and Management: Storing, Managing, and Protecting Digital Information in Classic, Virtualized, and Cloud Environments. John Wiley Sons, 2012. 528p. ISBN 9781118236963 Vrana,I. Projecting of information systems with UML, CULS Prague, 2009, 150p. ISBN 9788021319769 http://kavayii.blogspot.cz/2010/01/xml.html Comparison of relational and XML data storage methods Noronjon Qalandarov CULS, Prague 2014Page 1

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Consider the Scale on Which Payless Operate

Saturday, January 11, 2020

A View from the Bridge – Notes

A View from the Bridge Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Notes Ã¢â‚¬Å"Just remember, kid, you can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a word that you gave away. Ã¢â‚¬ Eddie speaks this quote in Act I, while eating dinner with Beatrice and Catherine. This quote reveals the irony and madness of Eddie's character. In the beginning of the play, Eddie tells the story of a young boy who called immigration on his relatives. Eddie lectures Catherine about how they must tell no one about Marco and Rodolpho, the illegal immigrant cousins the family will be hiding. However, in the end of the play, Eddie obviously calls Immigration on these cousins, just like the boy.Miller sets up Eddie so vehemently against betrayal that his transition to the betrayer seems illogical. The set-up requires Eddie to undergo a drastic change, if not complete breakdown, within the play to make such a transition. The force of this transition reveals no only his self-destructive madness, but the deepness of his unspoken love for his niece. This quote also reveals that Eddie knows his own fateÃ¢â‚¬â€he knows what will happen to him, but cannot escape his fate. Much like Alfieri, Eddie watches himself make decisions he knows will not only ruin his reputation in the community, but also possibly kill him.Eddie may know the consequence of what he does, but remains powerless or too mad to stop it. Ã¢â‚¬Å"His eyes were like tunnels; my first thought was that he had committed a crime, but soon I saw it was only a passion that had moved into his body, like a stranger. Ã¢â‚¬ In this quote, found in Act I, Alferi describes Eddie's appearance at their first meeting, to the audience. Alfieri almost seems to fear Eddie as a paranormal beast, a remnant of the great Greek or Roman tragedy. Alfieri truly believes that Eddie was possessed with, Ã¢â‚¬Å"passion that has moved into his body, like a stranger,Ã¢â‚¬ and was unable to control him.The passion that Alfieri describes is the passion for his niece Catherin e. The passion, unreleased and suppressed in his unconscious was a stranger to Eddie's conscious self that actively denied any thoughts of incest or otherwise. This quote also reveals the style of Alfieri. Alfieri tells the tale of Eddie Carbone as if he is a legend. Eddie is described with dramatic and literary descriptions that are unusual in the dramatic form. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Eddie: Then whyÃ¢â‚¬â€Oh, B.! Beatrice: Yes, yes! Eddie: My B.! Ã¢â‚¬ This quote occurs at the conclusion of the play and is spoken between Eddie and Beatrice.As Eddie lies dying in Beatrice's arms, the couple finds some sort of reconciliation and repair of their torn and battered relationship. Beatrice, even under such horrible circumstances, is able to forgive Eddie. Eddie constantly dominates Beatrice throughout the play, but in this tiny moment Eddie needs Beatrice more than she needs him. It is the first time the audience hears that Eddie needs and it is the first time that he honestly needs Beatrice. Beatric e is the tirelessly forgiving character of the play. She is terribly jealous of her niece, who receives more attention from her husband than she does, but still forgives Eddie in the end.This final scene was one of the major alterations of the revised script of A View from the Bridge. In the original version, Eddie dies at the feet of Catherine. However, because of Beatrice's increased presence in the revised version and downscaling of the relationship between Eddie and CatherineÃ¢â‚¬â€Eddie must return to Beatrice. Beatrice is the only female who, in the end, needs him. Catherine, now beyond his control, no longer seeks his approval. Thus, Eddie is drawn to Beatrice and for the first time he seeks out Beatrice, her forgiveness and love. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Beatrice: You want somethin' else, Eddie, and you can never have her! Ã¢â‚¬ This quote, spoken by Beatrice in the conclusion of Act II to Eddie, is the first time that Eddie seems to realize his true feelings for Catherine and recognize his own madness. Until this moment, no one has directly spoken about Eddie's feelings for Catherine. Although they are obviously known by Beatrice and Alfieri, know one has dared to actually tell Eddie what is wrong with him. But even when Eddie realizes his demon, the love for his niece, he is powerless to stop it. Eddie lunges forward and attempts to kill Marco. In this moment of Sicilian revenge, Eddie cannot pull himself back or regain any sense of reason.Perhaps even the recognition of the sexual taboo makes Eddie even more determined to seek revenge or at least find some sort of success or honor in his death. Eddie does not even have the power to deny Beatrice's claim, but instead follows through his destructive path. This moment may bring Eddie out of his madness enough to lie in Beatrice's arms as he bleeds to death. Once he has recognized his sinful love for Catherine, Eddie seems to find himself once againÃ¢â‚¬â€which may explain why he is able to reconcile his relationship with Beatrice. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Most of the time we settle for half and I like it better.Even as I know how wrong he was, and his death useless, I tremble, for I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his memoryÃ¢â‚¬â€not purely good, but himself purely And yet, it is better to settle for half, it must be! And so I mourn himÃ¢â‚¬â€I admit itÃ¢â‚¬â€with a certain alarm. Ã¢â‚¬ This quote deals with the central conflict of A View from the Bridge: the self will verses the will of the community. The whole man that Alfieri describes in Eddie is the self-interested man. Eddie's actions within the play are completely motivated by his own desires at the expense of others.Thus, humans must act halfway to preserve the rules of the community and lives of others. The idea that Alfieri suggests, that Eddie acted as a whole person, unrestrained and uninhibited is true. However, Eddie's wholeness was at the expense of his own family and eventually himself. He only escaped restraint beca use he escaped consideration of other people or the community at large. Eddie's wholeness is a whole interest in his own life. His tragic flaw is this self-interestÃ¢â‚¬â€a flaw that seems both admirable and alarming to Alfieri. Themes The irrational human animal pic][pic]Eddie looses control of his actions in the play. Driven and possessed by incestuous love for his niece, Eddie resorts to desperate measures to protect his identity and name in the community. Alfieri's commentary often remarks on this theme. Alfieri seems constantly amazed by Eddie's actions and his own reactions to the events of the play. Alfieri sees his own irrational thinking, just as he recognizes Eddie's irrational behavior. Irrationality is also how Alfieri defines acting wholly. The human animal becomes irrational when he acts fully on his instinctsÃ¢â‚¬â€just as Eddie does in the play.Alfieri proposes that humans must act as a half, or restrain some of our instinctual needs or wants for reason. Nonetheles s, Alfieri still admires the irrationalÃ¢â‚¬â€the unleashed human spirit that reacts as it will. Allegiance to community law There is great conflict between community and American law in the play. The community abides by Sicilian-American customs protects illegal immigrants within their homes, values respect and family, is hard working and know the shipping culture, has strong associations with names, believes in trust and wants revenge when a member has been wronged.Some of these values, however, come in conflict with those of the American system of justice. Eddie Carbone chooses to turn against his community and abide by the state laws. He looses the respect of his community and friendsÃ¢â‚¬â€the name and personal identity he treasures. Eddie Carbone, with a stronger allegiance to the community, reverts back to another custom of Sicilian-Americans: revenge. Not only is Eddie pulled back to the values of his community, but the final victor of the play is symbolic of community val uesÃ¢â‚¬â€the Italian, Marco. Thus, the small community is stronger than American law.Motifs Homosexuality Although specifically articulated, homosexuality or what makes a man Ã¢â‚¬Å"not rightÃ¢â‚¬ is a persistent theme of the novel. Eddie obviously identifies Rodolpho as homosexual because Rodolpho sings, cooks and sews a dress for Catherine. Eddie also questions Rodolpho because he does not like to work and has bleach blonde hair that makes him look more feminine. Eddie gives Rodolpho several tests of his masculinity. In the first he teaches Rodolpho how to box and the second, more blatantly, Eddie kisses Rodolpho on the lips.Many critics think that this kiss is a sign of Eddie's own suppressed homosexual feelings, an easy parallel with his kiss with Catherine. Miller seems to take no stand either way, and the sexuality of Rodolpho or Eddie is unclear. However, the stereotypes of the gay man and societal implications of being gay are obvious. Louis and Mike, when talking about Rodolpho, clearly think there is something wrong with him and Eddie speaks directly to Alfieri about the specific things that bother him about Rodolpho. Womanhood The idea of what makes a woman or what defines a woman is very prevalent in the text.Catherine and Beatrice talk specifically about the terms in their conversation in Act I. Beatrice thinks Catherine needs to grow up and become a woman. To do this she needs to decide by herself whether she wants to marry Rodolpho. She needs to stop walking around the house in her slip in front of Eddie, and not sit on the edge of the tub while Eddie shaves his beard. In essence, being a woman means reserve and modesty in front of men, and independently making decisions. The idea of independence or separation from Eddie is coupled with the decision to find another male to attach to, a husband.Catherine's attempt at womanhood is deciding to marry Rodolpho and follow his rules rather than Eddie's. Community Community is a powerful context for the play; it dictates very specific norms and rules for the family that controls the actions of the characters. All of the characters are forced to reconcile between American culture and the Italian community culture that surrounds. The cultural and moral difference between the two provides one of the great conflicts in the play. The tight community around them also creates great tension in the Carbone family because they are constantly being watched.The neighbors knew when Marco and Rodolpho arrived, saw Marco spit in Eddie's face and Eddie die by Marco's hand. The community is the watcher; the group controls and monitors the behavior of every member. Although Eddie takes a substantial turn away from the community by calling the Immigration Bureau, he still needs acceptance and spends his last moments fighting Marco for his good name in the community. Symbols High Heels [pic][pic]For Catherine, high heels are representative of womanhood, flirtation and sexiness.She has just starte d wearing high heels around the community and to school and obviously enjoys the attention she gets from men. They are also symbolic as a rite-of-passage to womanhood. As Eddie strongly disapproves of her wearing them, Catherine purposefully rebels against her uncle every time she puts them on. The high heels give her sexual power over menÃ¢â‚¬â€they look, stare and gawk at her beauty. Eddie thinks the heels are threatening for the same reasons Catherine loves them. Eddie is fearful that, if she looks attractive, some man will ask her out and she will leave the house.Eddie has a powerful reaction when she wears the high heels, as if she must take them off so they do not arouse him or anyone else. Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge is symbolic of a pathway of opportunity to Manhattan and also the linkage between American and Italian cultures. The bridge, which is very close to the Red Hook community, is a constant reminder of American opportunity and industry. From the bridge, one can see the community below and, like the title of the book, one can see the entire community and seek greater abstract meaning from his viewpoint.Alfieri is symbolic of the person on the bridge looking down upon the Red Hook community or, perhaps, he is the bridge himself, allowing the people to cross into Manhattan and modern, intellectual American culture. Alfieri attempts to unite the American laws with Italian cultural practices and negotiate a place in between the two. Alfieri, narrating the story from the present looking back to the past, has the same vantage point as one looking from the bridge. After some time passes, he is able to process the events and see the greater societal and moral implications it has for the community as a whole. ItalyThe origin of the majority of the people in the Red Hook community, Italy represents homeland, origin and culture. What the country means to characters greatly varies. Catherine associates Italy with mystery, romance and beauty. Rodolp ho, on the other hand, is actually from Italy, and thinks it is a place with little opportunity that he would like to escape from. All of the characters, as much as love the benefit of living in the U. S. , still strongly hold to Italian traditions and identify it as home. Italy is the basis of the cultural traditions in Red Hook and unites the community in common social practices and religion.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Drug Abuse Prevention Programs - 3138 Words

Running head: DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Effectiveness of DARE and Project ALERT Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Effectiveness of DARE and Project ALERT Although drug use among secondary school students appears to have leveled off during the late 1990s, US adolescents continue to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana at unacceptably high rates. Among eighth graders, 52% have tried alcohol, 41% have tried cigarettes, and 20% have tried marijuana. By 12th grade these rates are substantially higher, with large numbers of adolescents engaging in regular drug use (Ellickson, Bell, McGuigan, 1993). In spite of numerous programs implemented in elementary, middle, and high schools to prevent drug, alcohol, andÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The DARE officer is required to undergo 80 hours of special training in the area of child development, classroom management, teaching techniques, and communication skills, combined with an additional 40 hours to prepare them to teach the high school curriculum (Ennett et al., 1994). This training is required of all DARE Officers prior to facilitating a DARE program. A dditionally, this training equips the officer with the knowledge and expertise to answer questions posed by the students, regarding drugs and crime, while in the classroom (Kochis, 2001). Since its initial development and implementation in Los Angeles, DARE has been replicated, expanded, and implemented all over the country. The seemingly overwhelming commitment and support for this program as a drug prevention program for youths is a puzzle. Not only does it come at a time of limited economic resources, but there is little empirical evidence of the success of DARE as a deterrent to drug use (Lynam et al., 1991). Lynam et al. (1991) tracked over 1,000 Midwestern students who participated in Project DARE in the sixth grade. These students were reevaluated at age 20, ten years after receiving the drug prevention education. The study compared pre-DARE levels of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and illicit drug use of the students to such use at age 20. Although the DARE intervention produ ced a few initial improvements in the students attitudesShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse Prevention Program Within The United States745 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 3 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"D.A.R.EÃ¢â‚¬ is an international nonprofit organization. It is the most prevalent drug abuse prevention program in the United States, which is often referred to as the most prevalent drug prevention program in the world! The original D.A.R.E. program was developed in 1983 as part of a joint effort between the Los Angeles Police Department and Los Angeles Unified School District to break the generational cycle of drug abuse, related criminal activity, and arrest. The original curriculum consisted ofRead MoreDrug Abuse and Prevention1510 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesOur societyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s idea of prevention is to limit the availability of drugs (Hart Ksir, 2011, p. 400), but this is not essentially the best way. Addiction affects everyone. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), substance abuse cost our nation Ã¢â‚¬Å "more than $484 billion dollars (The National Institute on Drug Abuse ).Ã¢â‚¬ So although you might not be directly impacted by drug abuse, as a whole your tax dollars are spent on fighting the war on drugs. Currently there are several differentRead MoreBenefits And Limitations When Prevention Providers Are Looking For Successful Programs Essay1722 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesThere are many benefits and limitations when prevention providers are looking for successful programs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, or NIDA, provides a large research-based guide of the most effective prevention programs. This research should be the number one tool when looking into different types of programs, although it does not include every single program. A common problem in the prevention field consists of registries missing important strategies, including environmental approachesRead MorePreventing Substance Abuse940 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesÃ¯ » ¿ Preventing substance abuse involves developing numerous strategic partnerships. Substance abuse is a multidisciplinary issue, and requires a correspondingly multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. The strategy for drug abuse prevention must begin with segmenting the market, or analyzing the needs of the community. Is the greatest proportion of abusers in the community youth? If so, what kinds of drugs are most commonly used in the community? Are seniors in the community abusing prescriptionRead MoreTeenage Drug And Alcohol Abuse978 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesTeenage drug and alcohol abuse is becoming a major problem in the United States. Abuse of illicit substances eventually leads to an addiction. Drug and alcohol addiction is a disease, and it is contagious. It does not spread through germs; it spreads through families, schools, and communities. There are two youth prevention programs that try to exceed at decreasing the drug and alcohol abuse in teenagers. They are the D.A.R.E. pr ogram and the Serenity House based out of Texas. The D.A.R.E. programRead MoreDrug Prevention And Education : America s Largest And Longest Running Programs Essay985 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesWhen it comes to drug prevention and education, it must differ and be carefully designed depending on the age group and other contributing factors to drug use/abuse. One of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s largest and longest running programs has had a great impact on society, both nationally and globally. Even if someone has never attended a seminar or been taught a class in their school, a majority of people know or at least have heard of the D.A.R.E. program. This program has a humble beginning and a positive missionRead MoreA Society Without Drugs1263 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 PagesA Society without Drugs Have you ever wondered of how wonderful our society would be, if we are able to get rid of Illegal Drug Usage in our community? Despite having tough anti-drug laws, the U.S. has the highest level of illegal drug use in the world. As per the World Health Organization s survey of legal and illegal drug use in 17 countries, U.S report the highest level of drug usage (CBS news). The second-most abused category of drugs after marijuana among young people is the usage of prescriptionRead MoreExecutive Summary America s Most Popular Anti Drug Program Essay801 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesmost popular anti-drug program D.A.R.E. has created an uproar. The D.A.R.E. program had many issues the main one being its ineffectiveness. How could the most widely used drug prevention program in the United States be deemed ineffective? What went wrong? Ã¢â‚¬Å"The prevention of drug abuse is an especially salient topic for school psychologists and other educational professionals. Schools are the primary setting for providing education and information aimed at the prevention of drug abuse. Previous meta-analysesÃ¢â‚¬ Read More The Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program Essay958 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesThe Drug Abuse Resistance Education program known as D.A.R.E has become a very widespread and popular program throughout the United States. The program appeals to all ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic lines, which is a large part of the reason why the DARE program has grown exponentially. The programÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s basic premise was meant to introduce kids to the danger of drugs, before the drugs got to them. The implementation of the DARE program appeared to be what America needed to begin to put a dent inRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s society. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century AmericaÃ¢â‚¬ (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is much

Writing academic essays